1852 — Nov 12, Buckeye Belle boiler explosion, Muskingum River, Beverly canal, OH– 30

–25-30 Athens Messenger, OH. “The Steamboat Disaster–Twenty five to Thirty Lives Lost.” 11-26-1852, p.1.
— 30 Clinton Republican, Wilmington, OH. “The Buckeye Belle.” 12-3-1852, p. 2.
— <30 Lahmers. “Kaleidoscope: Beverly, Ohio…site of 1850s steamboat disaster.” 7-15-2015. -- 30 Nitsche. “The Buckeye Belle Disaster, November 12, 1852.” Riverboatdaves.com, Aug 2004. --24 instantly -- 6 later from injuries -- >30 Zanesville Courier in Daily Intelligencer, Wheeling, WV. “The Buckeye Belle…” 11-18-1852, 2.
— 24 Waymarking.com. “The Buckeye Belle Explosion #3-84 – Ohio Historical Markers.”
— 22 Daily Ledger, New Albany, IN. “River Items, &c. Dead.” 11-23-1852, p. 3.
— 22 Lloyd. Lloyd’s Steamboat Directory. 1856, p. 293.
— 22 Zanesville Courier in Daily Intelligencer, Wheeling, WV. “The Late Disaster.” 11-20-1852, 2.
–15-20 The Messenger, Athens, OH. “Terrible Steamboat Disaster…” 11-19-1852, p. 3.
— 20 Way’s Packet Directory, 1994, p. 62.
— 16 [as of Nov 13] Madison Daily Banner, IN. “Terrible Explosion and Loss of Life.” 11-15-1851, 3.
— >14 Johnson, Winnie Smith. That’s Where It All Began. Marietta OH: River Press, 1988.

Narrative Information

Johnson: “The most tragic event of all was the explosion of the Buckeye Belle. This took place November 12, 1852, when the steamboat was leaving the upper gates of the Beverly Canal. The cause was thought to be that the boilers became overheated and as the boat listed slightly coming through the canal, it dipped cold water producing a terrible explosion, heard for miles around.

“The fire, reflected by the sky, could be seen for over a mile. A name plate was blown high in the air and across the river. It was found later on the Nixon farm on the Waterford side of the Muskingum. It is also told that a baby was blown thirty feet in the air and landed on a hay stack, surviving the accident to live some sixty years.

“A rough red granite stone with a simple bronze plaque on it marks the common grave of the thirteen unidentified persons who were killed in the explosion. The boat’s captain, Harry Stull, was among those killed. All are buried in the Beverly Cemetery.” (Johnson 1988)

Lloyd: “The steamer Buckeye Belle exploded on the Ohio River, near Marietta, November 12, 1852. Several members of the Ohio legislature were killed or badly wounded. Senator Covey died in consequence of his wounds on the next day. Twenty-two lives were lost.” (Lloyd 1856, p. 292)

Way: Buckeye Belle built in Marietta, OH, 1852, two boilers, two flues. “She was upbound on the Muskingum, having just locked at Beverly [OH], and was about abreast of the upper guard lock at the head of the canal when the boilers exploded. Twenty were killed, and fourteen injured. Thirteen victims were buried in the Beverly Cemetery….But this does not end the story of the Buckeye Belle – she was rebuilt after this catastrophe of Nov. 12, 1852.” (Way 1994, p. 62.)

Waymarking.com. Remarkable Ohio: “Quick Description: Beverly City

“On November 12, 1852, the riverboat “Buckeye Belle” exploded at this site. Twenty-four people died and a dozen were injured in the worst steamboat disaster on the Muskingum River. An eyewitness described the scene: “The bank of the canal was covered with dead and mutilated bodies and fragments of the boat and cargo.” Boiler explosions were a hazard of steamboat travel. The safety record on the Muskingum River was good.” (Remarkable Ohio. Marker #3-84: The ‘Buckeye Belle’ Explosion.)

Newspapers

Nov 13: “Marietta, O., Nov. 13, 8 p.m. The mail steam packet Buckeye Belle exploded both boilers last evening at 4 o’clock, while in the locks at Beverly, twelve miles from here. No ladies were injured. The killed so far as known are – John Barbour, of Pittsburg, produce dealer; Jas. Daniels, of Harmer, engineer; John West, of Coal run; C. S. Butler, colored; Edward Atherton, of Beverly; Wm. Still, and ten others.

“The injured are – Capt. Hahn, arm broken and badly scalded; Mr. Whisson, first clerk, one leg broken and both feet and ankles mashed, probably will die; Calvin Steel, Senator; D.C. Cavey has a leg broken; Edward Blackmore, and many others whose names are not known. The boat is torn all to pieces. Every flue collapsed in one boiler; the other boiler cannot be found. The accident is attributed to gross recklessness of the engineers, one of whom was upon the safety-valve at the time of the explosion. The carpenter says he told the engineer, not five minutes before the explosion, that there was too much steam on.” (Madison Daily Banner, IN. “Terrible Explosion and Loss of Life.” 11-15-1851, p. 3.)

Nov 14: “On Sunday evening the 14th, two of the victims of the Buckeye Belle explosion died at Beverly – Henry Mitchell, of McConnelsville, fireman, and Milton Whissen, clerk. The former left a wife and six children, and the latter was engaged to be married. A passenger, named Evans, from Virginia, had his leg amputated. Nine persons are still missed.” (Daily Tribune, New Albany, IN. “The Buckeye Belle Victims.” 11-23-1852, p. 3.)

Nov 16: “From the Marietta Intelligencer, Nov. 16. It is impossible to give our readers any correct idea of the awful character of the steamboat disaster of which we published a brief account on Saturday. We do not suppose that in the whole history of steamboat explosions, record can be found of such utter destruction to the boat and fixtures, as in this case of the Buckeye Belle. The loss of life too is great, perhaps larger in proportion to the number of persons on the boat than was ever before known. And it is a wonder that a single person escaped.

“Both boilers are torn into fragments, some of which were thrown 300 feet from the wreck. All the boat forward of the wheel house, was entirely swept away – not the cabin merely, but the deck, and everything but the plank on the hull. Of the entire front half of the boat there are not pieces enough left to make a chicken coop six feet square. The chairs, and all the articles of furniture, except the piano, are split into pieces.

“The largest single piece of a boiler which has been found, is from ten to twelve feet long. This piece was thrown back, and in its passage cut off every stanchion and upright timber between the bow and stern of the boat, and of course the whole of the ladies cabin fell with a crash to the deck. A slight elevation in the course of this piece of the boiler would probably have killed every person in the ladies cabin. It was by the fall of the stove in the cabin that Senator Covey’s leg was broken. The sides of the guard lock, the road, and the whole side hill above, were completely strewed with fragments of the boat, machinery, furniture, trunks and clothing of passengers. As late as Sunday, fragments of human bodies – here a piece of an arm, there a leg, and close at hand a liver was found; and on pieces of the boilers were marks of flesh and blood.

“Yesterday the tongue of one of the victims was picked up on the bank, and in another place the head of a man, with the hat on it – no other remains being near!

“A red hot brick was thrown up the hill more than 300 feet, and fired the leaves in the woods. A rabbit was killed by the fall of a brick, nearly 400 feet from the boat.

“Up to yesterday morning, fifteen bodies had been recovered, and yesterday four more were taken out of the guard lock. Many of the bodies are so horribly mangled that they can hardly be recognized.

“The register of the boat was found on Sunday, and the names of eight or nine persons appear there who are still missing, but we have not been able to obtain a list of them.

“Great praise is due to the citizens of Beverly, and Waterford, for their unremitting efforts to relieve the sufferings of the injured, and for their kindness and attention to the relatives of the dead….

“The public ought not to be satisfied until the most searching investigation is made into the causes of this terrible disaster, and the conduct of the officers on the boat. Reports are current that the principal Engineer of the boat was an intemperate man, as were also some of the other officers; that engineers have more than once been discharged from the boat because they refused to obey orders which, in their judgment, periled the safety of the boat, and the lives of all on board; and that the most criminal recklessness, and disregard of the ordinary precautions of safety, has characterized the conduct of some of the officers. If innocent, they ought to demand, and insist upon, such a legal investigation as will disclose the whole truth in the matter. – If guilty, the friends of the sufferers, and the whole public will be satisfied with nothing less than a full exposure of criminality, and the exemplary punishment of the guilty.

“We understand that Daniels, the 2d Engineer, says he tested the gauge cock but a moment before the explosion, and is satisfied that there was plenty of water in the boilers.

“On the other hand it is said that the water was low, and that immediately upon starting the doctor, to fill the boilers, the explosion took place. We understand that the engineer of the Thomas Scott yesterday the fragments of the boilers, and near the bottom of the end of one of them, found melted lead. He is satisfied that the boilers were entirely empty!

“The citizens of Beverly have appointed a committee t investigate, and the Coroner is on the ground.

“The wreck has been mostly removed, except the hull, and that will probably be got out to-day.”
(Athens Messenger, OH. “The Steamboat Disaster – Twenty five to Thirty Lives Lost.” 11-26-1852, p.1.)

Nov 18: “From the Zanesville Courier. “We published in our paper of Saturday, the news of the explosion of this boat in the Beverly canal on her way from Marietta to this place on Friday evening last about 5 o’clock, but the details are much worse, and the extent of the calamity infinitely greater than our first reports. The boat is a total wreck, and was sunk in a few minutes after the explosion. Portions of the boilers having went down through the hull, in fact in all directions through the boat, sweeping off everything between decks and the cabin as far back as the pilot house. The balance of the cabin being deprived of its principle supports, fell down into the wreck in a short time after.

“Of the passengers in the ladies cabin, 15 in number, not one was killed, or otherwise severely injured, with the exception of Hon. C. C. Covey, member of the Senate, from the Morgan and Washington district, who being there at the time of the explosion, the stove falling upon him and breaking his leg. It is said that a lady by the name of Stone, from McConnelsville, was instrumental in saving his life, and that she displayed more presence of mind and bravery, than all the other passengers combined, and was likewise the means of saving several others from injury.

“There were only two or three of our citizens aboard as passengers, of whom none were killed. Amos Laymen, Esq., editor of the Marietta Republican, and lady, were passengers and escaped without injury. They came up yesterday morning on the Clipper. A. H. Dillon, son of Isaac Dillon, Esq., of this city, had a very Providential and remarkable escape, being blown out of his birth [berth] to which he had retired a short time previously, and falling among a mingled mass of the wreck into the canal fortunately receiving so little injury, as to be able to swim ashore.

“We are glad to state that several persons reported and published in our Extra of Saturday evening as being among the killed are saved, and that Mr. Daniel Zeinmaster of this city was not on the boat at all, and not away from the city. We have been unable to procure only a small portion of the names of the dead, some of them cannot be identified, and some will probably never be known, as there were a number of strangers on board.

“Killed, Mr. Frank Hamrick, inn-keeper of Duncan’s Falls, in this county. His body was found near Hosmer’s Mill, half a mile below, much mangled; supposed to have been blown into the river, and washed down that far. His remains were brought up yesterday to his late residence for interment. He was among our best citizens, and his loss bill be very generally lamented.

“Mr. John Barbour, a produce dealer, of Pittsburgh, killed. Mr. B. was well known here among our business men, and was esteemed highly as an upright and honest man.

“Mr. ____Mitchell, of McConnelsville, killed.
“Wm. Stull, 2d clerk, killed – a young gentleman of much promise.
“First Steward, _____Butler, colored, of Marietta, killed.
“Captain J. T. Hahn, of this city, slightly injured.
“Mate, Samuel Sullivan, severely injured, arm since amputated.
“Pilot, Calvin Stull, leg broken.
“Engineer Daniels, severely wounded.
“Engineer David Muncy, slightly injured.

“Clerk, Milton Whisson, a part of his foot taken off, and otherwise injured. Passengers say that he cannot recover.

“C. C. Covey, of Marietta, leg broken.
“T. F. Nevitt, of this city, severely scalded, but will probably recover.
“Mr. Pool, of New Orleans, slightly scalded.
“Mr. Pickerel slightly scalded.

“There are a number of reports in circulation about the names of others being killed and wounded, but the above are all that are ascertained here with certainty.

“Of the cause of the explosion, there are a number of rumors in circulation, which, if true, will fasten on to the engineer, Daniels, who was on duty, the most damning charge of recklessness, and misconduct, by which he caused the loss of the boat and the lives of thirty or more persons. As this affair will probably be investigated, we will say nothing more at this time, only that we hope that the matter will be made the subject of the most thorough investigation, and if any one has been guilty of this horrible crime, let the axe fall and justice be done.

“Upon the receipt of the intelligence at McConnelsville, the Physicians of that town immediately proceeded to the wreck, and have since been constantly and unremittingly in attendance on the sufferers.

“We have been kindly furnished with the following letter from A Hosmer, Esq., of Beverly, which is the latest intelligence from the scene of the disaster. It will be read with interest:

“Beverly, Nov. 13, 1852.

“Mr. H. K. Love,

“Dear Sir: — You, no doubt, have already heard the principal particulars of the explosion of the Buckeye Belle. There are now fourteen recovered dead, ten known to be missing, and how many more none but God will probably ever know. At least five or six more will probably die. The first shock and sight of the calamity was terrible beyond description, though not comprehended to half its extent, and every hour since brings additional horror and gloom. From every section of the country, come friends and relations, fathers, mothers, sisters, brothers, and in some instances, ‘the bosom friend, dearer than all, to look upon the blackened and mutilated remains,’ or witness the death agony of the heart’s idol. May God in His infinite mercy deal gently with those who have so unexpectedly gone to eternity, and mildly temper the affliction to the surviving and heart-broken relations.

“Milton Whissen cannot live but a few hours longer. S. Murray, it is thought, cannot survive. Capt. Hahn and Pilot Stull will recover. Hon. C. C. Covey had a leg broken only.

“All the flues collapsed and both boilers exploded to fragments, tearing everything as far back as the wheel-house, from beneath the lower guard to the top of chimneys, into a million pieces, and shattering the hull, and driving directly on to the bottom of the canal. Not a board, plank, stanchion or timber of any kind, was left forward of the wheel-house. The shock was felt for miles around and fragments was thrown on top of a hill three hundred feet high. The ladies’ cabin was not entirely demolished; all the stanchions were swept from beneath by a large piece of boiler that passed out astern, but not a lady (some 15 in number) was injured in the least.

“This is probably the most complete wreck ever made of a boat by an explosion. Of the cause it is useless to speak. I have my opinion, which all the testimony in the world could not change. I was on the boat not more than ten minutes before she blew up. Hastily Yours, A. Hosmer.” (Daily Intelligencer, Wheeling, WV. “The Buckeye Belle Disaster – Further Particulars – Thirty Lives Lost!” 11-18-1852, p. 2.)

Nov 18: “From the Zanesville Courier of Thursday [Nov 18]. We are pained to learn, from reliable authority, that the Hon. C. C. Covey, member of the Senate, injured by the explosion of the Buckeye Belle, was considered to be in a very precarious situation yesterday, and that hope of his recovery had been given up by his friends. Our informant stated that he would probably die during the day.

“The Hon. Mr. Bartlett, member of the House from Washington county, was also very dangerously injured, much more so than first reported, and his recovery is considered doubtful [he survived].

“The Hon. Mr. Oakley, member of the House, from Monroe county, was likewise dangerously injured, and will not likely be able to take his seat during the present session.

“Twenty-two persons were killed or have sine died from the injuries received from the explosion, and several are known to be missing. A persons standing on the opposite shore, saw several bodies falling into the river which have not been recovered.

“An examination of the boilers and flues or rather the small portions that were not entirely blown away, by experienced engineers, indicates the entire absence of water, or nearly so, and it is also their opinion, that if there had been water in them, that every person on the boat, would have been severely, if not fatally scalded. The engineer on duty, although dangerously injured, is not dead as was reported. He says there was a full supply of water on. The investigation by the proper authorities, is progressing and we will learn in a few days probably, the result.

“A small portion of one of the boilers, which was brought up by the Clipper this morning, can be seen as the Stacey Hotel. It is a small segment of two rings, still retaining its circular form, but the sides are reversed, the outside now, having been the inside before the explosion. The metal is pronounced by good judges to be of the best quality and there are no signs of flaws or defects, showing that the accident was caused by extraordinary and unusual pressure.” (Daily Intelligencer, Wheeling, WV. “The Late Disaster.” 11-20-1852, p. 2.)

Nov 19: “….From other sources we learn that up to this morning twelve dead bodies have been found and three or four of the most seriously injured have died. Whissen, the Clerk, is not expected to live. The 2d Engineer, (Daniels of Harmar) was instantly killed and his body awfully mangled.

“Since the above was in type we have been shown a letter from Dr. W. C. Glines, of Beverly, from which we make the following extracts:

So are as ascertained all the ladies were saved.

Capt. Hahn was badly hurt; Calvin Stull’s leg broken and badly hurt; Wm. Stull not found; Mr. Covey’s leg broken, and otherwise injured; Edward Blackmar badly scalded; Joseph Daniels of Harmar, and John West of Coal run killed. Old Mr. Barber is dead. So is Edward Atherton, porter and barber.

A piece of the boiler five or six feet long was blown to the foot of the high rock on the hill. A man was also thrown there. One man was blown into the river.

“The explosion was caused by recklessness – the steam being so high that the engineer was obliged to put his own weight on the safety valve to keep it down. The boat struck the lock, throwing the water back upon red hot boilers, collapsing every flue in one boiler. The other has not been found.

“We hear a great many reports, as to the cause of the accident, some of which seem to be well authenticated, and others do not seem very reliable. If the half that is said of the conduct of the officers, previous to the accident, on this trip, and on previous trips, is true, such of them as survive the accident should be convicted of murder. We cannot but hope that there is much exaggeration in the reports.

“The Captain, Clerk, and Pilot each have limbs broken, the son on one of the owners is missing, and one of the Engineers is killed. If they were reckless of the lives of others, they have not themselves escaped the consequences of their misconduct.” (The Messenger, Athens, OH. “Terrible Steamboat Disaster – Fifteen or Twenty Lives Lost!!” 11-19-1852, p. 3.)

Nov 23: “”Hon. C. C. Covey, a member of the Ohio Senate, died at Marietta on Thursday last [Nov 18], from the effects of the injury received by him at the explosion of the Buckeye Belle, on which board he was as passenger.

“Messrs. Bartlett and Okey, two members of the House, were also dangerously injured, and it is feared they cannot recover. Twenty-two persons were killed or have since died from the effects of the explosion.” (Daily Ledger, New Albany, IN. “River Items, &c. Dead.” 11-23-1852, p. 3.)

Dec 1: “The Cincinnati Enquirer states that William P. Dennis, the superintendent of our late State fair, was killed by the explosion on the Buckeye Belle, a few days ago.” (Daily Banner, Madison, IN. 12-1-1852, p. 2.)

Dec 3: “The coroner’s jury in this case, after taking a large mass of testimony, returned a verdict that the explosion ‘was caused by the improper management of the 2d engineer, Joseph Daniels, of Harmar.’ The number of killed and missing is thirty.” (Clinton Republican, Wilmington, OH. “The Buckeye Belle.” 12-3-1852, p. 2.)

Buckeye Identified Fatalities from Newspaper Accounts Above

1. Atherton, Edward; porter and barber, of Beverly.
2. Barbour (or Barber), John. Pittsburgh produce dealer.
3. Butler (or Cutler), C. S. First Steward, of Marietta.
4. Buzzard, Ezra, Frederick Co., MD. (Nitsche. “The Buckeye Belle Disaster…” Aug 2004.)
5. Covey, C. C. Ohio Legislature Senator, of Covey. Died Nov 18.
6. Daniels, Joseph, engineer. Harmer.
7. Dennis, William P. Superintendent of Ohio State Fair.
8. Entler, William C., from Hampshire Co., VA. (Nitsche. “Buckeye Belle…” Aug 2004.)
9. Evans, J. A., Hampshire Co., VA. Died of injuries. (Nitsche. “Buckeye Belle…” Aug 2004.)
10. Hamrick, Frank. Duncan’s Falls inn-keeper.
11. Johnson, Benjamin, Morgan Co., OH. (Nitsche. “The Buckeye Belle Disaster…” Aug 2004.)
12. Kennedy, James. No address. (Nitsche. “The Buckeye Belle Disaster…” Aug 2004.)
13. Miller, George C., from Cincinnati (Nitsche. “The Buckeye Belle Disaster…” Aug 2004.)
14. Mitchell, Henry, of McConnelsville, fireman.
15. Seelers, John V., Hampshire Co., VA. (Nitsche. “The Buckeye Belle Disaster…” Aug 2004.)
16. Shurman, Alexander. Noble Co., OH. (Nitsche. “The Buckeye Belle Disaster…” Aug 2004.)
17. Stull, William, 2nd clerk.
18. West, John. Coal Run, Washington County, OH.
19. Wheeler, Levi, from Portsmouth. (Nitsche. “The Buckeye Belle Disaster…” Aug 2004.)
20. Whissen, Milton, clerk; from McConnelsville; died from injuries.

–13 Unidentified dead buried in Beverly cemetery. Bronze plaque on a monument at the site notes “Here lies buried 13 unknown persons killed by the bursting of the boilers of the steamer Buckeye Belle on Nov. 12, 1852 near the guard gates of the Beverly canal.”

Sources

Athens Messenger, OH. “The Steamboat Disaster – Twenty five to Thirty Lives Lost.” 11-26-1852, p.1. Accessed 8-13-2020 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/athens-messenger-nov-26-1852-p-1/

Clinton Republican, Wilmington, OH. “The Buckeye Belle.” 12-3-1852, p. 2. Accessed 8-13-2020 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/wilmington-clinton-republican-dec-03-1852-p-2/

Daily Banner, Madison, IN. 12-1-1852, p. 2. Accessed 8-13-2020 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/madison-daily-banner-dec-01-1852-p-2/

Daily Intelligencer, Wheeling, WV. “The Buckeye Belle Disaster – Further Particulars – Thirty Lives Lost!” 11-18-1852, p. 2. Accessed 8-13-2020 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/

Daily Intelligencer, Wheeling, WV. “The Late Disaster.” 11-20-1852, p. 2. Accessed 8-13-2020 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/wheeling-daily-intelligencer-nov-20-1852-p-2/

Daily Ledger, New Albany, IN. “River Items, &c. Dead.” 11-23-1852, p. 3. Accessed 8-13-2020 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/new-albany-daily-ledger-nov-23-1852-p-3/

Daily Tribune, New Albany, IN. “The Buckeye Belle Victims.” 11-23-1852, p. 3. Accessed 8-13-2020 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/new-albany-daily-tribune-nov-23-1852-p-3/

Johnson, Winnie Smith. That’s Where It All Began. Marietta OH: River Press, 1988. Excerpt accessed 9/18/2009 at: http://www.wolfcreek.k12.oh.us/Artifacts/Where_Began/RiverHistory.htm

Lahmers, Ken. “Kaleidoscope: Beverly, Ohio…site of 1850s steamboat disaster.” MyTownNE, Kent, OH, 7-15-2015. Accessed 8-13-2020 at: https://www.mytownneo.com/article/20150715/OPINION/307159412

Lloyd, James T. Lloyd’s Steamboat Directory and Disasters on the Western Waters. Cincinnati, Ohio: James T. Lloyd & Co., 1856. Digitized by Google. Accessed at: http://books.google.com/books?id=JlYqAAAAYAAJ

Madison Daily Banner, IN. “Terrible Explosion and Loss of Life.” 11-15-1851, p. 3. Accessed 8-13-2020 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/madison-daily-banner-nov-15-1852-p-3/

Nitsche, Debbie Noland. “The Buckeye Belle Disaster, November 12, 1852.” Riverboatdaves.com, August 2004. Accessed 8-13-2020 at: http://www.riverboatdaves.com/aboutboats/buckeye_belle.html

The Messenger, Athens, OH. “Terrible Steamboat Disaster – Fifteen or Twenty Lives Lost!!” 11-19-1852, p. 3. Accessed 8-13-2020: https://newspaperarchive.com/athens-messenger-nov-19-1852-p-3/

Way, Frederick Jr. (Author and Compiler), Joseph W. Rutter (contributor). Way’s Packet Directory, 1848-1994: Passenger Steamboats of the Mississippi River System Since the Advent of Photography in Mid-Continent America (Revised Edition). Athens OH: Ohio Univ. Press, 1999.

Waymarking.com. “The Buckeye Belle Explosion #3-84 – Ohio Historical Markers.” Accessed 8-13-2020 at: https://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/wm3MPK_The_Buckeye_Belle_Explosion_3_84

Zanesville Courier in Daily Intelligencer, Wheeling, WV. “The Buckeye Belle Disaster – Further Particulars – Thirty Lives Lost!” 11-18-1852, p. 2. Accessed 8-13-2020 at: https://newspaperarchive.com/wheeling-daily-intelligencer-nov-18-1852-p-2/